 The gist of the Tragedy of the Commons,
for those who haven't read my blatherings about it before, is that when
people own something personally they take care of it, but when no one
owns it, when it's a shared resource, like forests and parks and public
toilets and recreation centres, nobody takes care of it, and it becomes
the victim of the more talentless graffiti artists and litterers and
vandals and pyromaniacs and guys who pee on toilet seats.
So I
got thinking about whether this contemptible and careless 'commons'
behaviour is something uniquely human, especially since I have yet to
find any behaviour of any kind that is uniquely human, and don't expect to.
In a way, all of nature is a 'commons' to the rest of the species on this planet. Yet other creatures don't damage and destroy common areas. And then I realized that these natural commons have something that human commons don't -- abundance. What human
commons have in, er, common, is that they are all scarce, all set aside
specifically as common spaces, in the midst of areas that are 'private'
('private' spaces being those that are arrogantly assume to be the
property of some human to do whatever he wants to do with them
regardless of the consequences). A much better analogy to human commons
is the bird feeder, that (relatively) scarce and unnatural commodity
that some of us who love watching other creatures set up for their, and
our, communal benefit.
At bird feeders you can see non-human creatures treating a common resource the way we humans do.
Squirrels can literally demolish most bird feeders in a week. You put
up a squirrel 'baffle' and they'll dedicate their full diligence to
defeating it. After all, why would you put out food just for birds?
That's not fair, is it? And why would you put out food just a bit in
dribs and drabs, and keep the rest in a metal can? We squirrels have
been managing fluctuating food resources since before you bipods
appeared on the planet -- just put it all out there and we'll figure
out what to do with it.
The black squirrels have now figured out
how to get around my baffle even though it's six feet above the ground
(beyond their jumping range) and on a pivot so they can't stand on it
even if they can get past it. They have their own baffle-less feeder
ten feet away (feeder #1 in the above diagram). The food in it is
accessible to all, and disappears in 24 hours from time of filling
(every 2 days in winter, every 3 days in summer). So it is more often
empty than not. Feeder #2 has a cylindrical container and perches
designed for the smaller birds that tend to get bullied out of feeder
#1 one by squirrels, chipmunks and the larger birds like grackles and
redwing blackbirds. The process for a squirrel to get into feeder #2
took a lot of experiment and ingenuity, but now takes them about 5
seconds:
- Shimmy up the pole until you're underneath the baffle's hood (it's shaped like an inverted saucer)
- Prop
back legs on the hardware that holds the baffle in place, push up and
out with front legs until baffle is angled up and feed cylinder is
visible
- Reach one front paw around to outside edge of baffle
closest to feed cylinder, push off with back legs and grab bottom ledge
of feed cylinder with other front paw
- Haul yourself up onto feed cylinder, and hang upside down from feed cylinder perches, scooping food from opening into cheeks
- Before
leaving, spend a minute trying to unscrew nuts from the bolts that hold
the feed cylinder perches and openings in place (every three months or
so they finally get them loose, and they know only to unscrew counter-clockwise)
The
chipmunks are not big enough to manage any of this, so they study where
I keep the seed. I have tried keeping the seed in the garage, but
they've found openings under the eaves and eaten holes in the bags when
I leave them there. Now I keep it in the sunroom, in a large aluminum
can. They've chewed holes in the sunroom screens to get into the room,
and last week I caught one, obviously a keen observer, sitting on the
aluminum can, making a hell of a racket trying to pry the spring-clip
up.
In the winter, ornithologists believe, chickadees, sparrows
and some other small birds actually do depend at certain times on the
food in bird feeders (they need to bulk up by evening to survive the
coldest nights, using the food energy to 'shiver' vigorously to keep
their body temperature up). They usually leave plenty of room for error
(many creatures have three winter choices -- migration, hibernation and
bulking up -- and generally the number that choose the third option is
small enough that they don't have to worry about shortages), so birds
freezing to death are rare. Nonetheless, these small birds would
clearly be more conscious of the value of using up bird feeder
resources carefully. So I was amazed to discover that the chickadees,
at least, conserve the seed in feeder #2 (subject to interference from
other birds and squirrels), to last exactly the two or three days between fill-ups.
Right after I fill it, the chickadees rarely take seed from feeder #2
(they use feeder #1 when available first, and even then eat at the
feeders sparingly -- I presume they are busy feeding elsewhere. At the
end of the second day in winter, third day in summer, when it is
getting low, they are there in large numbers, and the bottom half of
the cylinder is consumed in a matter of a few hours. If I'm late the
next morning, I get a scolding (at least that's what it sounds like)
from them, but once it's filled they tend to take one seed each and
then disappear for most of that first day. It seems to me that, much
like humans planning our gasoline tank refills, these birds are conserving.
While to most species the feeder is just a bonanza, a 'commons' to be
plundered and abandoned, to the birds that may depend on it, it is
factored into the overall food supply and managed accordingly, as if it were part of the natural supply.
Perhaps
I am reading more into this than I should, but despite the disruptions
by the squirrels I can generally tell the day (feeder refilling day,
second day, or third day) and the time, by how much seed remains in the
cylinder. And when I switch between the winter (every second day) and
summer (every third day) filling schedule, it takes less than a week
for the birds' usage pattern to adapt so that feeder #2 is empty just
before it is scheduled to be refilled.
So I am tempted to speculate that conservation, 'resource management', is not natural, because it is unnecessary in a world of abundance.
It is only when there is some scarcity that creatures like humans and
chickadees adapt to conserve. It is not natural behaviour for us,
either -- for most of our three million years we have migrated long
before the foods we gathered became scarce (we also, like virtually
every other creature on the planet, instinctively reduced our birth
rate so that our numbers were stable and so we almost never faced
scarcity -- by the time the last stop in our migration began to run low
on human food, the first stop had been fully replenished). So it is
probably not surprising that a conservation ethic doesn't come easily
to us.
The bird feeder, in this context, is a bit of a sad
place. It brings out selfish and destructive behaviour in creatures
that don't quite understand what this strange, inexplicable cornucopia
is for. Perhaps it's not dissimilar in that sense to the antisocial and
self-destructive behaviour that seems so often to come out in those who
win lotteries or receive sudden great wealth or fame. And the bird
feeder reflects how the Tragedy of the Commons arises, not because we
are incapable of sharing and taking responsibility, but because when
commons are scarce and strange, instead of ubiquitous and sacred, most
creatures seem driven to take advantage of them, and assume they will
not last. The real tragedy of the commons is that when we invented
'private' property, we forgot that the whole universe is a commons that
belongs to all life in it, and we lost respect for it. Scarce, limited
'commons' are unnatural aberrations that we just cannot make sense of. |
MADE IN CANADA
trust your
instincts 
